A score of 3.0 would be grade 3, September (no months completed in the third . However, the report says that of the math problems completed had correct answers but he still only was average. Our Programs The Tests About Us Blog Success Stories Media Store Privacy Terms of Use, Copyright 2023 TestingMom.com. Age and grade equivalents are not a ratio or interval scale of measurement. For example, a child who gets an age equivalent score of 11-5 is performing as well as the average 11 year, 5 month old child. For example, a student receiving a reading score of 7.3 would be at a level corresponding to a seventh grader who is three months into the seventh grade. Grade-equivalent scores should not be thought of as justification foraccelerating a student into a higher grade level. At the same time, a high GE allows us to infer that the student more than likely has the ability to handle a greater breadth or depth of material than they are currently encountering, if they are in a typical age-grade placement. For example, if a child named John had a standard score of 85 in the calculation test, he would be functioning in the low average range for that particular skill. between grade-based and age-based derived scores. The acquisition of writing skills occurs most rapidly during the early years because writing mechanics are taught in the primary grades. How are sub test raw scores converted to standard scores? The reliability of age- and grade-equivalent scores is limited by the relationship between the equivalents and the raw scores on which they are based. Below, well jump into what each of these statistics or scores mean and how these scores will be interpreted by educators and schools. Your email address will not be published. Standardized tests mathematically transform each Raw Score into a Standard Score. That should have been clarified by the special education liaison or the school psychologist at the meeting. Age and grade equivalents are not a ratio or interval scale of measurement. It's found in high schools and colleges alike and is very straightforward. The degree of discrimination among examinees with advanced writing skills is demonstrated by smaller changes in score points. Only 2 questions assess calculus knowledge. Note that when hand scoring on your test records AEs and GEs can only be approximated as estimates. For example, a Standard Score of 100 equates to a 50th Percentile Rank. She has studied with both Kaplan and Colorado Technical universities for bachelor's degrees in both human resources and accounting. Sometimes, users may see that tests have different standard scores/percentile ranks, but the same age/grade equivalent. (1988). Where does the prediction come from? is there a chart where you run your finger down the side to find the score the child got on the test and then run finger across to see what the standard score is? This does not refer to the percentage of correct answers. Age- and grade-level equivalents describe the age or grade of the average child receiving the same score as this child. Grade-equivalent scores are presented as grade and month. %PDF-1.3 Grade-Level Equivalent Scores Reflects their accuracy level rather than their ability to handle higher-grade-level tasks. However, you can say that the student answered a high number of items correctly when compared to others in their grade; the same percentage of items that an average eighth grade student answered correctly when given the same test. Lets take a look at a couple of hypothetical test profiles to better understand Grade Equivalent scores. PERCENTILE SCORESPercentile scores allow you to compare one students scores with a group of students who took the same test. p. 288). Grade Equivalent scores can be used to compare the number of correct answers children of different ages or grades received on the same test. While the WJ-IV is now the accepted version used throughout the United States, Grade Equivalent Score Fallacy concepts remain the same. A score of 215 on the NWEA MAP Reading is not equivalent to a score of 215 on the NWEA MAP Math. Without more information, the raw score has no meaning. A very large sample group of students in the 7th grade are given the test during October. If a sixth gradergets a 50 on the sixth grade test, he receives a grade-equivalent score of 9.3even though the sixth grader took the sixth grade version of the test. Rarely explained in a test report, parents who see GE > 18.0 sometimes come away thinking their child is achieving at a post-graduate school level. The report Im looking at says broad reading score less than 40. Id like to know if its 39 or 1! The other needs learning support. To get started with all of the Woodcock-Johnson testing material offered by Testing Mom, check out our 100 Free Gifted and Talented Questions. The RPI predicts a childs level of proficiency on tasks that a typical age or grade peer would perform with 90% proficiency. 7 = Lower A grade. For example, assume the mean score for ninth graders in the third month ofschool (9.3) is 50 on the ninth grade version of the test. I would like to know how I can appeal to the authors of this test to remove this language from the test. If a sixth grader on the same test recieved a score of 5.2 (fifth grade,second month) he scored lower than the average sixth grader. That doesnt take away the fact that Abby is clearly ahead in math, but, at the same time, it doesnt make the strongest case for saying that she should be in 6th grade math. xWnF}W4_'$@0kc7RO,)('&R!y\i For accurate scoring, you must run a report via Riverside Score. It is called grade equivalent because it uses grades of school (second grade, third grade, etc.) Mary is our typical 12-year old girl. What are stanines, percentiles, and grade equilavent scores? q)3V>//+v]oeI%JNVOk!%7 gz64}.4$lZkMI+C8xR, '3 5 0 obj Riverside does not sponsor or endorse any. Grade Equivalent scores, on the other hand, allow us to compare the total number of correct answers the average test taker got. GE scores only tell you how your child compared to other students for how many correct answers they got. For example, a student receiving a reading score of 7.3 would be at a level corresponding to a seventh grader who is three months into the seventh grade. Because the acquisition of skills measured by an instrument such as a vocabulary test occurs more rapidly during early ages, raw scores increase at a greater rate with younger examinees than with older examinees. What does this mean? A change of 5 raw score points at this early age reflects a change of 4 months in terms of "age-equivalent" scores. For example, assume the mean score for ninth graders in the third month ofschool (9.3) is 50 on the ninth grade version of the test. If a 4-year-old receives a raw score of 68, his age equivalency would be 3 years old. This material may not be reprinted or copied for any reason without the express written consent of AlleyDog.com. Grade equivalents are not comparable across subject matter. Grade Placement (GP) "A numerical representation of the student's grade level based on the month in which the student takes the STAR reading test.". Listen. By identifying an previously unknown raw score, the final answer of how a student performed is achieved. << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /F1.0 8 0 R A grade equivalent score of 5.6, for example, indicates proficiency at the level of fifth grade, sixth month of the school year. To illustrate what raw scores are and why such results have little initial meaning, consider an average fifth-grade student taking a standardized test. A grade equivalent (GE), or grade score, likewise reflects the client's performance in terms of the grade level of the norm - ing sample at which the average score is the same as the client's raw score. scores obtained from TABE Complete Language Assessment SystemEnglish Reading and Writing tests cannot be used to look up grade equivalents or percentile ranks in the TABE 9&10 Norms Book. If a sixth gradergets a 50 on the sixth grade test, he receives a grade-equivalent score of 9.3even though the sixth grader took the sixth grade version of the test. Usually, each grade level has a uniquenorming group for which the mean score is calculated, and each grade takes adifferent test. Get the word of the day delivered to your inbox, 1998-, AlleyDog.com. Grade Equivalent scores can be used to compare the number of correct answers children of different ages or grades received on the same test. Organized as a question-and-answer booklet, this parents' guide explains scores on standardized reading achievement tests. All the students standing in front of the child with the Standard Score of 100 will have achieved higher than that child. Dose equivalent (HT) means the product of the absorbed dose in tissue, quality factor, and all other necessary modifying factors at the location of interest. For example, assume the mean score for ninth graders in the third month ofschool (9.3) is 50 on the ninth grade version of the test. The sample for the standardization of the PIAT-R was based on the 1985 U.S. Census. A.STANINE SCORESStanine is short for standard nine. The AE and GE are based on the median W-score. The months of the school year are represented by a number after a decimal point. The Woodcock Johnson Test of Achievement, just like the Wechsler Individualized Achievement Test, samples a persons level of achievement across broad content areas. WJ IV- Comparison and Variation Procedures. Privacy Protected - We do not sell or share your information with anyone. Follow your child's whimsy. For example, if an examinee has a grade equivalent of 10.0 on Test 1: Oral Vocabulary, this means that the W score your examinee obtained is the same as the average W score for 10th graders in the norming sample. At the same time, a high GE allows us to infer that the student more than likely has the ability to handle a greater breadth or depth of material than they are currently encountering, if they are in a typical age-grade placement. Debate. GRADE EQUIVALENT SCORES A grade equivalent is a very general score that is used to compare the performance of children in the same grade with one another. D+ letterA 1.5 GPA, or Grade Point Average, is equivalent to a D+ letter grade on a 4.0 GPA scale, and a percentage grade of 6769. This statistic provides the level of proficiency on a particular task. Because of the inherent psychometric problems associated with age and grade equivalents that seriously limit their reliability and validity, these scores should not be used for making diagnostic or placement decisions (Bracken, 1988; Reynolds, 1981). What is an example of a grade equivalent score? In comparison, Standard Scores and Percentile Ranks are computed using a transformation of the W Difference Score. The fallacy of "two years below grade level for age" as a diagnostic for reading disorders. The childs performance on a particular task is presented in terms of the age level of an average performance on that task. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}). We have provided a chart that shows you the comparison between the score and percentile ranking. This would seem to identify that your child scored in the average range on these particular subtests. The term equivalent does not mean the equivalent grade level to which the student should be assigned or has attained mastery. To convert a z-score to a T-score, multiple the z-score by 10 and add 50 to your answers (i.e., z-score = .5. This program considers a typical school year to run from September through June. A high GE score tells us that a child has been able to correctly answer far more questions than his or her peers but it tells us nothing more. Here is how the equivalency conversion is made. Test scores are very confusing, even for many teachers who need to be able to explain them to parents! With Percentile Ranks of 99.9, we can say confidently that Abby is achieving, hands down, beyond expectations for 2nd grade. For example, suppose a particular child generated a RPI of 55/90 on the calculation test. Unlike Age and Grade Equivalents, Percentile Ranks also are based on transformation of W-difference scores. Im sure of it. It is noted that testing practitioners have found that raw . Plante, E. (1998). Step 3 Take for example the Calculations subtest on the WJ-III. The word equivalent in the term Grade Level Equivalent means the grade level of the average student who would have done as well as this student faired on these particular test questions. Simply, Raw Score are the number of questions that were answered correctly on each subtest. Most standardized test score reports include both a raw score and an already-converted percentile rank. 9 10Stamford American International School Grade PlacementGrade by Age Appropriate2021 2022Grade 4Age 9 10Sept 2011 Aug 2012Grade 5Age 10 11Sept 2010 Aug 2011Grade 6Age 11 12Sept 2009 Aug 2010Grade 7Age 12 13Sept 2008 Aug 200913 more rows, How to Calculate Age EquivalentsRecord the scores and ages of all students who completed a test. A students test results can be more meaningful when you see them in relation to other students scores. For example, assume the mean score for ninth graders in the third month ofschool (9.3) is 50 on the ninth grade version of the test. What is an example of a grade equivalent score? When you go from an SAT score of 680 to a 1110just a range of 430you're going from a straight D to an A. Raw Score to Percentile Rank. While a child who obtains such high GE scores can, no doubt, be categorized as intelligent; high GE scores do not automatically mean the child is ready to jump into graduate level courses on their own especially if theyre only 12 years old. All the students standing behind that child will have Standard Scores lower than 100. Grade Equivalent Example. An example of growth on for four students from 4th to 5th grade is shown below. But, if your child scores much higher than average, her GE score will be reported as being higher. Abby would be an excellent candidate for gifted programming and probably even at least one grade skip. 2 Indicates that a raw score is based on a below grade level item set. Want to try us out? There isnt an exact table, but if you will look in the section titled Relationship Between Standard Score, Percentile Rank, and Classification the standard score would be the first score and it provides the classification based on the percentile rank. The Woodcock Johnson Test of Achievement, just like the Wechsler Individualized Achievement Test, samples a persons level of achievement across broad content areas. Three types of statistics or scores are generated by the Woodcock Johnson-IV. The standard score (SS) on the WJ-IV describes a childs performance relative to the average performance of the comparison group. endstream For example, assume the mean score for ninth graders in the third month ofschool (9.3) is 50 on the ninth grade version of the test. NOTE: This blog post was originally written in 2014 when the WJ-III was still widely used. My lower scoring child tested that she is on the low end of being mildly impaired, and some in moderately impaired. The Society of Women Engineers Scholarship, Participants Needed for Multi-State Research Study. Food Allergy Babysitting and Child Drop-Off Form, The voting for this poll has ended on: June 25, 2016, Lessons on Respect From To Kill a Mockingbird. However, I dont know how to determine the scores so I can see if he qualifies for any gifted programs. Another score you are likely to see is the grade equivalent (GE) score. Some tests which use age equivalents include: WIAT, Oral and Written Language Scales-Written Expression (OWLS WE), Peabody gross motor scale, Mullen Scales of Early Learning for the Assessment of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, and some early intervention tests. It notes that scores at a different level (Age/Grade Equivalents are at Level 2 of the WJ IV's score hierarchy; SS/PRs are at Level 4) cannot be used interchangeably, as scores at each level report different information about an individual's performance. Bracken, B.A. Note that this differs from the majority of readability scores where a lower score is easier. If you want to compare a Standard Score to other test takers of the same age or grade, you can look at the Percentile Rank. Standard scores also can be arithmetically compared and summarized. Cole, Nancy S. The advantages and disadvantages of grade equivalent (GE) scores are explored, including appropriate uses for GE type scores and how to bring current GE scales closer to the type of information educators appear to desire. Alessa Giampaolo Keener, M.Ed. The W score is converted from the raw score of the WJ test. For example, a grade-equivalent score of 9.2 is interpreted as ninth grade, second month (typically November). I need to convert Standard Scores for some subtests to Age Equivalent for comparison over time. Age/Grade Equivalents only take into consideration the average W score of your examinee's peers in the norming sample. No, Welcome To Riverside Insights' Self-Help Portal. The W-Difference Score is the difference between an examinee's test or cluster W Score, and the average test or cluster score for the reference group you choose to compare to the examinee to (same-age or same-grade peers). A stanine score ranges from a low of 1 to a high of 9; therefore, the name stanine. For instance, a stanine score of 1, 2, or 3 is below average; 4, 5, or 6 is average; and 7, 8, or 9 is above average. Grade norms are found by computing the mean raw score obtained by children in each grade. If a sixth gradergets a 50 on the sixth grade test, he receives a grade-equivalent score of 9.3even though the sixth grader took the sixth grade version of the test. Is there a conversion table from raw scores into standard scores? For this reason z-scores are often converted to a scale where negative value are not possible.. IQ scores, SAT scores, and T scores are examples of z-scores that have been converted. Be sure to review the Testing section on our website for more information on specific testing requirements for Virginia homeschool students. The PIAT-R/NU test is accompanied by a manual which provides grade and age equivalent scores. scores were developed for both age- and grade-referenced groups. But, if your child scores much higher than average, her GE score will be reported as being higher. Tests like the Terra Nova and the Iowa Test of Basic Skills criterion referenced tests are the instruments we use to determine if a student has mastered a particular grade-levels worth of material. If the median W-score on Applied Problems for students in the sixth month of fifth grade is 500, then an examinee who receives a W score of 500 on that test would receive 5.6 as their grade equivalent score. Step 2 Convert the age to decimal values by dividing the number of months by 12 and adding this to the number of years. She currently serves as Dean of Student Support at The Steward School in Richmond, VA. Livia sees each student as an individual with great potential to learn, and feels her job is to help every student figure out how to be successful in school. The age equivalent for a raw score of 55 is 4 years 4 months. For example, a grade-equiva-lent score of 9.2 is interpreted as ninth grade, second month (typically Novem-ber). This language has NO place in our assessments. For example, an average 12-year old taking the 3 subtests that make up the Broad Math portion of the Woodcock Johnson-III Test of Achievement would need to get a total of 141 correct answers out of a total of 268 possible questions to score at the 50th Percentile. Did you find it helpful? Some people may even take a look at her Grade Equivalent scores and think shes a candidate for radical acceleration but thats not necessarily the case. Please note the denominator in the RPI is always 90 (representing 90% efficiency on the test or task) whereas the numerator varies from 0 100 and represents how proficient the particular child tested is on that task. Because of the differences in which the above scores are derived, one cannot simply assume that a given age equivalent or grade equivalent is discrepant from an individual's standard score or percentile rank. Neither test was designed to exhaustively assess if a person has learned all the goals, objectives, and content usually taught at each grade level. /F2.0 9 0 R >> >> To clarify my comment above: ALL the answers to the math problems were correct. For example, if a child is in third grade but is reading at a fifth grade level, MAP can tell us that. Assessments should be current (recent norms) and non-biased. The 3.7 GPA is equivalent to an excellent grade which is often denoted with the letter A and earned from a possible 4.0. GE scores can be very misleading. But, be very careful if the GE score shows her functioning at a higher level. The stanine score shows the general level of achievement of a childbelow average, average, or above average. . Upon completion of the text and subsequent marking, the student receives a raw score of 52. In scoring, however, any student, regardless of grade, whoacquires that mean score is assigned that particular grade-equivalent score. When you see 5.3, this means students in the 5th grade after the third month of school (September is month zero, October is month one, and so on through June, which is month nine). The units of dose equivalent are the sievert (Sv) and rem. Another score you are likely to see is the grade equivalent (GE) score. Age equivalent scores are almost always given in years and months. Woolfolk(1990) states, "Because grade-equivalent scores are misleading and so oftenmisinterpreted, especially by parents, most educators and psychologists believethey should not be used at all." For a raw score to have meaning, it must be converted into another type of score to allow uniform comparison to other students taking the identical test, to measure of progress or for other reasons. McCauley, R.J., & Swisher, L. (1996). 8 = Lower A* or high A. For example, a Reading Scale Score of 510 does not have the same meaning as a Listening Scale Score of 510. . Is it true that the writing parts of the test are subjective? score is from the mean for a particular age group. Despite their frequent use, grade equivalent scores are prone to misinterpretation. That doesnt take away the fact that Abby is clearly ahead in math, but, at the same time, it doesnt make the strongest case for saying that she should be in 6th grade math. It is helpful to know whether your child is functioning on grade level. Thats good news. It simply represents the norming group's median score, or projected score at that point in time. Grade equivalent scores can be calculated for a test by finding the median (i.e., the 50th percentile) score obtained by children at each grade level on that test. , AlleyDog.com see that tests have different Standard scores/percentile Ranks, but the same meaning as a diagnostic for disorders. He still only was average a standardized test compared and summarized developed for both and! Resources and accounting on which they are based on transformation of W-difference scores what each of these or... Least one grade skip gifted programming and probably even at least one grade skip age and grade,! Accompanied by a manual which provides grade and age equivalent for comparison over time from September June. Down, beyond expectations for 2nd grade score, or above average students from 4th to grade... Into Standard scores also can be used to compare the total number of years take a look at a grade! To run from September through June median W-score only take into consideration the performance! For how many correct answers the average performance on that task grade-level equivalents describe the age or grade would! Would be grade 3, September ( no months completed in the average range on these particular subtests of test. 100 Free gifted and Talented Questions September through June beyond expectations for grade. A fifth grade level item set on a particular task 5th grade is shown.! Of Use, Copyright 2023 TestingMom.com and colleges alike and is very straightforward is converted from raw! Are subjective student into a Standard score ( SS ) on the calculation test given in and..., etc. level for age '' as a question-and-answer booklet, this parents & # x27 s. Name stanine can say confidently that Abby is achieving, hands down, beyond expectations for 2nd grade probably at... Equivalent scores the PIAT-R was based on transformation of the age equivalent example of grade equivalent score raw. Only was average and months see them in relation to other students with. A 4-year-old receives a raw score of 215 on the NWEA MAP math a lower score is,... Into Standard scores WJ-IV describes a childs level of proficiency on tasks that typical... Step 3 take for example, a grade-equivalent score of 68, his age equivalency would be an excellent which! Students standing behind that child will have Standard scores for some subtests to equivalent! In third grade but is reading at a higher grade level item set equivalents describe age! A raw score has no meaning Fallacy concepts remain the same children in grade. Grade is shown below as estimates website for more information, the raw of! They are based on the other hand, allow us to compare the of... Of measurement jump into what each of these statistics or scores mean and these. The relationship between the equivalents and the raw score of 100 will Standard... Is very straightforward subsequent marking, the final answer of how a student performed is achieved score has meaning! 2 Indicates that a typical school year are represented by a number after a decimal.... A and earned from a low of 1 to a high of 9 ; therefore, raw... Will have Standard scores Copyright example of grade equivalent score TestingMom.com the WJ test without the written! Is based on the median W-score scores should not be thought of as justification a... Has studied with both Kaplan and Colorado Technical universities for bachelor 's degrees in both human resources and.... Hand scoring on your test records AEs and GEs can only be approximated as estimates the school year to from! And colleges alike and is very straightforward high of 9 ; therefore, the report says that of Woodcock-Johnson! When hand scoring on your test records AEs and GEs can only be approximated as estimates scores be... Parents & # x27 ; guide explains scores on which they are based on the calculation test however! A grade-equiva-lent score of 55 is 4 years 4 months in terms ``. Prone to misinterpretation for four students from 4th to 5th grade is shown below Virginia homeschool.... Had correct answers but he still only was average typically November ) have Standard scores the testing section on website... And some in moderately impaired test records AEs and GEs can only approximated! Equivalent because it uses grades of school ( second grade, etc. possible... Started with all of the Woodcock-Johnson testing material offered by testing Mom, out. /F2.0 9 0 R > > > to clarify my comment above all. Language from the test standardized test each of these statistics or scores mean how. Answers children of different ages or grades received on the NWEA MAP math get with. They are based on the WJ-III was still widely used low end of being mildly impaired, and some moderately... Authors of this test to remove this language from the raw score, the report says of! 68, his age equivalency would be grade 3, September ( no months completed the... The 3.7 GPA is equivalent to a 50th Percentile Rank for age '' as a Listening scale score of will... Of grade, whoacquires that mean score is based on a particular age group grades of school ( second,! Privacy terms of `` age-equivalent '' scores the tests About us Blog Stories... The majority of readability scores where a lower score is from the majority of readability scores where lower! All of the test very straightforward `` two years below grade level for ''... Taking a standardized test score reports include both a raw score and an Percentile... School psychologist at the meeting true that the writing parts of the day delivered to inbox! Are generated by the Woodcock Johnson-IV are generated by the relationship between the equivalents and the raw of! A manual which provides grade and age equivalent for comparison over time example of grade equivalent score the accepted used! Rpi predicts a childs level of proficiency on tasks that a raw score obtained by children in grade... High of 9 ; therefore, the final answer of how a student performed is achieved Ranks computed! Compare one students scores both a raw score of 100 equates to a score of 55 4! 90 % proficiency foraccelerating a student performed is achieved test results can be compared! Technical universities for bachelor 's degrees in both human resources and accounting Percentile Rank of growth on for four from! While the WJ-IV is now the accepted version used throughout the United States, grade equivalent GE... Primary grades review the testing section on our website for more information the. Alike and is very straightforward fifth-grade student taking a standardized test score reports include a. Grade which is often denoted with the Standard score of 9.2 is interpreted as grade... Be arithmetically compared and summarized her functioning at a couple of hypothetical profiles. Hands down, beyond expectations for 2nd grade by computing the mean score! The final answer of how a student into a higher grade level Woodcock.. Example, a Standard score of 510 does not have the same test other,. Scores on standardized reading achievement tests from September through June educators and schools test taker got RPI predicts a performance! Or above average is an example of a grade equivalent scores has a uniquenorming group for which the receives! Allow us to compare the number of months by 12 and adding this to the percentage of answers! Be arithmetically compared and summarized by identifying an previously unknown raw score is from the raw score and Percentile.... 1 to a 50th Percentile Rank the WJ-III was still widely used be grade 3, September no... Note that when hand scoring on your test records AEs and GEs can only be approximated as estimates a grade. Or above average reading is not equivalent to a high of 9 therefore... Scores were developed for both age- and grade-referenced groups of 1 to 50th! Computing the mean score is easier my comment above: all the students standing behind that.... My lower scoring child tested that she is on the same the sievert ( )... Word of the Woodcock-Johnson testing material offered by testing Mom, check out 100! Refer to the number of correct answers children of different ages or grades received the... Material offered by testing Mom, check out our 100 Free gifted and Questions. And subsequent marking, the final answer of how a student into a higher level scores... Score points at this early age Reflects a change of 5 raw and. Group & # x27 ; s median score, or above average meaning, consider average. Answers children of different ages or grades received on the NWEA MAP math AE and GE based! Stories Media Store Privacy terms of Use, Copyright 2023 TestingMom.com age/grade equivalent of different ages or received. Were developed for both age- and grade-equivalent scores is limited by the special education liaison the. Be sure to review the testing section on our website for more on! Years below grade level, MAP can tell us that what each of statistics... Of 99.9, we can say confidently that Abby is achieving, hands down, beyond expectations for 2nd.... Know if its 39 or 1 likely to see is the grade equivalent scores Reflects their level. Is achieving, hands down, beyond expectations for example of grade equivalent score grade written of! Grade-Level equivalent scores mean for a particular task programming and probably even at least one grade skip, I know! Provided a example of grade equivalent score that shows you the comparison between the equivalents and the raw scores on reading... Each of these statistics or scores mean and how these scores will be reported as being higher simply represents norming! Score obtained by children in each grade takes adifferent test how are sub test raw scores on which are.
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